Well I've got about 18 hours of burning on this thing now and the temps have dropped significantly in Northern Illinois. After the first day of firing it, I woke up the next day to 2" of new snow on the ground. Even covered with a tarp the clay was still kind of mucky on the top. I gave it another 6 hours of burning or so and let the fire go out and moved it inside. It's sitting next to my wood stove now just drying out. I'm really glad I moved it inside, because it was only 6* F out this morning.... brrr. Damn I've gone through a lot of wood this winter.
The OSB fully burned away in the first 45 minutes or so. Here's the feed tube as it looks now:

You can see the brick protection showing a little around the sides, and if you look close you can even see some of the ash pit at the bottom of the feed tube. Not sure how effective this actually is/will be, but it seemed like a good idea to try at the time.
Unfortunately I probably won't do too much more on this project until I shut down my other stove for the season. Looking at the forecast that won't be for a couple of weeks yet, at the minimum. I might try casting the burn tube in the meantime. I found a 12" piece of stainless chimney pipe from an old fireplace to go around the 6" stove pipe, then I'll fill that with the same mixture used in the core. This should be plenty of insulation, plus be a good size to use with my 55 gallon barrel to go on the outside.
"Knowledge is power. Arm yourself."